³Ð³y¤O¤u¨ãMIND TooLs

1.¨Mµ¦¤èªk (Decision Making Techniques)

¦nªº¨Mµ¦¬O¤@­Ó­«­nªº§Þ¥©¯à¦¨¬°¨Æ·~¦¨¥\©M¦³®Äªº»â¾É¡C¦pªG§A¯à¾Ç·|¤Î®É§@¥X¨Ã¦Ò¼{©P¥þªº¨M©w¡A«h±z©¹©¹¥i¥H±a»â§Aªº

¹Î¶¤·í¤§µL·\¦a¨ú±o¦¨¥\¡C¤£¹L¡A¦]¬°»â¾ÉªÌ°µ¥X²Ê¦Hªº¨M©w¡A±zªº¹Î¶¤¥²©Ó¨ü¥¢±Ñªº­·ÀI©M®É¶¡¡C

The techniques in this section help you to make the best decisions possible with the information you have available.§Þ³N¦b³o³¡¤ÀÀ°§U±z¨Ï³Ì¨Îªº¨M©w¡CÀ°§U±z­p¹º¨M©wªº«áªG, ¨î©w¥X­Ó§O¦]¯Àªº­«­n©Ê©M¿ï¾Ü³Ì¨Îªº­p¹º±Ä¨ú

¶}©lÀ°§U±z°µ¥X¨M©w³\¦h¦]¯À­n¨D¡Aª`·Nªº¤@¨Ç²³æªº§Þ¥©¡CµM«á´N¨ì¤@¨Ç§ó¬°±j¤jªº§Þ³N¡A¦p§Q¥Î¨Mµ¦¾ð¡A

¤»­Ó«äºûªº´U¤l©M¦¨¥»/®Ä¯q¤ÀªR¡A¨ä¤¤±`¥Îªº°Ó·~¨Mµ¦¡C

1-1 Pareto ¤ÀªR(Powerful Approach)

Pareto ¤ÀªR¬O¤@­Ó«D±`²³æªº§Þ¥©¡AÀ°§U§A¿ï¾Ü³Ì¦³®ÄªºÂàÅÜ¡C

¥¦§Q¥Î§¹¦¨20% ¤u§@¡A¦Ó²£¥Í8 0¢HªºÀu¶ÕªºPareto ­ì«h-·Qªk¡CPareto ¤ÀªR¬O¤@­Óªº§Þ¥©³N´M¨D§ïÅÜ¡A±Nµ¹¤©³Ì¤jªº§Q¯q¡C

1-2¦¨¹ï¤ñ¸û¤ÀªR(Paired Comparison)

¦¨¹ï¤ñ¸û¤ÀªRÀ°§U±z¨î©w¥X¦h¶µ¿ï¾Üªº­«­n©Ê¡C¡A¹ï¨S¦³«ÈÆ[¸ê®Æ³o¤@ÂI¬O¯S§O¦³¥Îªº¤èªk¡C

³o¨Ï¥¦®e©ö¿ï¾Ü³Ì­«­nªº°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨M, ©Î¿ï¾Ü±Nµ¹±z³Ì¥¨¤jªº¦n³Bªº¸Ñµª¡C¦¨¹ï¤ñ¸û¤ÀÀ°§U±z³]¸mÀu¥ýÅv¡C

1-3ºô®æ¤ÀªR(Grid Analysis)

ºô®æ¤ÀªR¡]¤]ºÙ¬°¨Mµ¦¯x°}¤ÀªR¡A´¶®æ¯x°}¤ÀªR©Î¦h­«¥D±i¦hÄݩʮĥβz½×¡^¬O¤@­Ó¦³¥Îªº§Þ¥©¡C¯x°}ªº¨M©w¬O³Ì¦³®Äªº¡A

§A¦³¤@¨Ç¦nªº¿ìªk©M«Ü¦h¦]¯À¨Ó¦Ò¼{¡C

1-4¨Mµ¦¾ð¤ÀªR(Decision Tree)

¨Mµ¦¾ð¬O«Ü¦nªº¤u¨ã¡AÀ°§U±z¿ï¾Ü­p¹º¡C´£¨Ñ¤@­Ó°ª®Äªº¬[ºc¡A§A¥i¥H¦C¥X¤è®×¡A¨Ã±´°Q¥i¯àªºµ²ªG¡C¨Ã¥BÀ°§U±z§Î¦¨­·ÀI

©M¼úÀyªº¤@±i¥­¿Åªº¹Ï¤ù»P¬ÛÃö¦U­Ó¥i¯à¡C

1-5 PMI (Plus/Minus/Interesting)

PMI¥Nªí¡¨ Plus/Minus/Interesting ¡§¡C³o¬O§ïµ½¹ï·r°u§Q¹úªº§Þ³N³Q¨Ï¥Î´X­Ó¥@¬ö¡C

PMI ¬O¤@­Ó­«­n¬Fµ¦¨î©w¤u¨ã¡G«äºû¤u¨ã¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î³Q¨Ï¥Î¦b³o­Ó³¡¤À¶°¤¤©ó¿ï¾Ü­p¹º¡A±q¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¿ï¾Ü¡C¦b±z´£¥Xª½±µ

±Ä¨ú­p¹ºªº¦æ°Ê¤§«e¡A¬O«Ü­«­nªºÀˬd¡A´N¬O­n§ïµ½³oºØ±¡ªp¡C

1-6 ¤O³õ¤ÀªR(Force Field Analysis)

¤O³õ¤ÀªR¬O¬Ý©Ò¦³¤O¶qªº¦³¥Î§Þ³N©M¤Ï¹ï¨M©w¡C In effect, it is a specialized method of weighing pros and cons.¹ê»Ú¤W¡A³o¬O·r°u§Q¹ú¤@­Ó±M·~¤èªk¡CBy carrying out the analysis you can plan to strengthen the forces supporting a decision, and reduce the impact of opposition to it.¥Ñ°õ¦æ¤ÀªR±z¯à­p¹º¥[±j¤O¶q¤ä«ù¨M©w

¡A¨Ã´î»´¼vÅT¡C

1-7 ¤»­Ó«äºûªº´U¤l(Six Thinking Hats)

¤»­Ó«ä¦Òªº´U¤lªº¬O¤@­Ó±j¤jªº§Þ¥©¡A¥i¥HÀ°§U§A±q³\¦h¤£¦PªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¬Ý­«­n¨Mµ¦¡CÀ°§U±z°µ¥X§ó¦nªº¨Mµ¦¡A¨Ã¨Ï±z¦b¤é±`«äºû

¤è¦¡¤§¥~¡C

1-8¦¨¥»/®Ä¯q¤ÀªR(Cost/Benefit Analysis)

Cost Benefit Analysis or cba is a relatively* simple and widely used technique for deciding whether to make a change.¦¨¥»®Ä¯q¤ÀªR©Î¦¨¥»®Ä¯q¬O¤@­Ó¬Û¹ï²³æ©M¼sªx±Ä¥Îªº§Þ³N¡A¨M©w¬O§_§@¥X§ïÅÜ¡C As its name suggests, you simply add up the value of the benefits of a course of action, and subtract the costs associated with it.ÅU¦W«ä¸q¡A§A¥u»Ý­n²³æ¬Û¥[¦³§Q»ù­È¡A

¨Ã¦©°£¬ÛÃö¶O¥Î¡C

2.°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨M (Problem Solving)

³q¹L¨Ï¥Î³o¨Ç§Þ³N±z¯à¶}©lÀ³¥I¥¨¤jªº°ÝÃD¡C¨ä¥L¤H·|·PıµL¯à¬°¤O¡A³o¨Ç¤u¨ã¦b°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨Mµ¹±z¤@­Ó¥XµoÂI¡C

³o¨Ç§Þ³N¾¨¥i¯àÀ°§U±z¶i¦æ­±¹ï°ÝÃDªºÄYÂÔ¤ÀªR, ¥Î¤@­Óºc³y©M¦³±ø¤£¯¿ªº¤è¦¡À°§U±z¬Ý³\¦h­Ó¦]¯À¡C¥H¤U¤è¦¡¡G

2-1¦]ªG¹Ï(Cause & Effect Diagrams)

Identifying the Likely Causes of ProblemsCause and Effect Diagrams help you to think through causes of a problem thoroughly.¨ä¦]ªG¹Ï¬O»¡©ú°ÝÃD»P­ì¦]ªºÃö«Y¡Aªí¹F©M¤ÀªR¦]ªGÃö«Y¡C Their major benefit is that they push you to consider all possible causes of the problem, rather than just the ones that are most obvious.¦Ò¼{©Ò¦³¥i¯àªº°ÝÃDªº®Ú·½¡C The approach combines.¤èªk²Õ¦X ¿EµoÆF·P¡A»P¨Ï¥Î¤@ºØÃþ«¬

ªº·§©À¹Ï ¡C  ¦]ªG¡@¹Ï¤]ºÙ¬°³½°©¹Ï¡A¥H¤@±i§¹¾ãªº³½°©¹Ï¸Ñªkªí¥Ü¡C

¦]ªG¹Ï¨BÆJ¡G

    1.¿ë»{°ÝÃD                     2.¨î©w¥X¤¶¤Jªº¥D­n¦]¯À

    3.¿ë»{¥i¯àªº°_¦]           4.¤ÀªR±zªº¹Ï

2-2¬yµ{¹Ï(Flow Charts)

¬yµ{¹Ï¬O®e©ö²z¸Ñªº¹Ï¥Ü¡C«D±`¦³¥Îªº¤u¨ã¡A¦p¦ó¶Ç¹F¹Lµ{¤¤ªº¤u§@¡A¨Ã©ú½T°O¸ü¦p¦ó¬Y¶µ¤u§@°µ±o«ç»ò¼Ë¡C¦Ó¥B¡A¦bµ{§Ç¬yµ{¹Ïªº§Î¦¡À°§U§A§ï¶iªº¹Lµ{  ¡C ¥i¥H¥Î©ó¡G

2-3¨t²Î¹Ï(Systems Diagrams)

¨t²Î¹Ï¬O±j¤jªº¤u¨ã¡AÀ°§U±z¤F¸Ñ¦p¦ó½ÆÂøªº¨t²Î¤u§@¡C¨t²Îªº¤ÀªR¡A¥i¯à¨Ó¦Û¥ø·~¡A³q¹L¥Í¥Íª«¤H¤f¼Ò«¬¡A¥H¼vÅTªÀ·|¬Fµ¦µ¥¡C

 ¨t²Î¹Ï¬O¯S§O¦³À°§U¡AÅã¥Ü§A¬O¦p¦ó§ïÅܪº¤@­Ó¦]¯À¥i¯à·|¼vÅT¨ä¥L¦a¤è¡C¨ÓÅܰʪø´Á­­½ÄÀ»ªºÀu¨q¤u¨ã¡A¬O¤@­ÓÂàÅÜ¡C­«­nªº¬O¡A¤@­Ó¨}¦nªº¨t²Î¹Ï±NÅã¥Ü¦p¦óÅã¥Ü§ïÅܦ]¯À¤]³\¤ÏõX¼vÅT¥»¨­¡I

 Ã¸»s¨t²Î¹Ï¬O¤@­Ó«Ü¦nªº¤è¦¡¡A¶}©l«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó­pºâ¾÷¼Ò«¬¡C¸Ó§Þ³N¥i¥HÀ°§U§Aø»s¥Xªºµ²ºc¡C¥¦Åã¥Ü¬O­«­nªº¦]¯À©MÃö«Y¡A¨Ã¥i¥HÀ°§U§A¶}©l¶q¤Æ¤§¶¡ªºÁpô¦]¯À¡C

2-4 SWOT¤ÀªR(SWOT Analysis)

SWOT¤ÀªR¬O¤@­Ó¦³¤Oªº§Þ³N¤F¸Ñ§AªºÀu¯ÊÂI¡A¨Ã­±¹ï°ÝÃDªº¾÷·|©M«Â¯Ù¡C

¥Î¦b°Ó·~¤è­±¡A¥¦¥i¥HÀ°§U§AµZ¿i¤@­Ó¾A·í¦ì¸m¦b§Aªº¥«³õ¡C¥Î¦b­Ó¤H¤è­±¡A¥¦¥i¥HÀ°§U§Aµo®i§AªºÂ¾·~¥Í²Pªº³W¹º¡A±zªº¤Ñ¤À¡B¯à¤O©M¾÷·|¦b³Ì¨Îª¬ºA¡C

2-5­·ÀI¤ÀªR¤Î­·ÀIºÞ²z(Risk Analysis & Risk Management)

´X¥G¬O§Ú­Ì©Ò°µªº¤@¤Á¡A¦b¤µ¤Ñªº°Ó·~¥@¬É¡A¯A¤Î¬YºØªº­·ÀI¡GÅU«È²ßºDªº§ïÅÜ¡A·sªºÄvª§ªÌ¥X²{¡A¥~¬Éªº¦]¯À§Aªº±±¨î¥i¯à·|©µ¿ð±zªº¶µ¥Ø¡C¦ý¥¿¦¡ªº­·ÀI¤ÀªR©M­·ÀIºÞ²z¡A¥i¥HÀ°§U§A¨Óµû¦ô³o¨Ç­·ÀI¡A¨Ã¨M©w±Ä¨ú¦óºØ¦æ°Ê¥HºÉ¶q´î¤Ö¤zÂZ§Aªº­p¹º¡CT¥L­ÌÁÙ±NÀ°§U§A¨M©w¬O§_µ¦²¤¡A§A¥i¥H§Q¥Î±±¨î­·ÀI¡A¬O²Å¦X¦¨¥»®Ä¯q¡C

­·ÀI¤ÀªR¨BÆJ¡G

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2-6»ù­ÈÃì¤ÀªR(Value Chain Analysis)

»ù­ÈÃì¤ÀªR©Î»ù­È¬y¬O¤@­Ó¦³¥Îªº¤u¨ã¡A¬°¤u§@«ç¼Ë¤~¯à³Ð³y³Ì¤j¥i¯àªº»ù­È¡A¬°§Aªº«È¤á¡A¥H¤Î±zªº³Ì¨Îªº¸ô½u¨ì§Q¼í³Ì¤j¡C

¦b¨Æ°È¡A§Ú­Ì³Q¤ä¥I±Ä¨ú¥¼¥[¤uªº¿é¤J¡A©M ¡u¼W¥[»ù­È¡v¨ì¥L­Ì©ÒÂà¤Æ¦¨ªºªF¦è¡C ³o¬O®e©ö¦b»s³y·~¡A¨º¸Ì»s³y°Ó¡u³q¹L±Ä¨ú¼W¥[»ù­È¡v¡A¤Ö³\­ì®Æ¹ï²×ºÝ¥Î¤á¡]¦p¤ì¼ß¡^©MÂà´«¦¨¤@¨Ç¤HÄ@·N¥X¿ú(¦p¯È)¡C¦ý³o­Ó·Qªk¦bªA°È¦æ·~¬O­«­nªº¡A¤H­Ì¨Ï¥Î®É¶¡¡Bª¾ÃÑ¡B³]³Æ©M¨t²Î¿é¤J³Ð³yªA°Èªº¹ê»Ú»ù­Èªº¤H´£¨ÑªA°È-«È¤á¡C

»ù­ÈÃì¤ÀªR¤T¤j¹Lµ{¡G

         1.¬¡°Ê¤ÀªR               2.»ù­È¤ÀªR             3.µû¦ô©M­p¹º

3.±M®×ºÞ²z (Project Planning)

¦]¬°±z¶i¨B¦b±zªº¨Æ·~¡A±z±N­±¹ï¶V¨Ó¶V§ó¥[½ÆÂø©M§ó¥[§xÃøªº¬D¾Ô¡C³o¨Ç³\¦h¥ô°Èªº§¹¦¨¡B®É¶¡»Pª÷¿ú¦¨¬°¥¨¤jªº¶}¤ä¡C

³o­Ó³¡¤À¸ÑÄÀ±z±N»Ý­n¦¨¥\¦a¶}¿ì³o¨Ç¶µ¥Øªº¤@¨Ç¨ãÅé§Þ¯à¡AÀ°§U±z¦¨¥\¦a§¹¦¨¥L­Ì©M¥H¸ê·½·¥¤pªº°Æ²£«~¡C

3-1·Ç½T¦a¦ô­p®É¶¡(Estimating time accurately)

·Ç½T®É¶¡¦ô­p¬O§Þ¥©®Ú¥»¡C®É¶¡¦ô­p¬°¤G­Ó¥D­n­ì¦]¬O­«­nªº¡G

1.   ®É¶¡¦ô­p¾r¾p³Ì«á´Á­­³]¸m¬°¶µ¥Ø¥æ¥I¡A¨Ã¥B©~©ó¤F¹ï±zªº¥i¾a©Êªºµû¦ô

2.   ¸g±`½T©w¦³§Q©w»ù¡C

³q±`¤H­Ì ®ø¯Ó¤j¶q§C¦ô®É¶¡»Ý­n¹ê¬I¶µ¥Ø¡C ¯S§O·í¥L­Ì¤£¼ô±x¥ô°È³Q°õ¦æ¡C

3-2¹w©wªºÂ²³æªº¶µ¥Ø(Scheduling simple projects)

²³æªº¶µ¥Ø¯A¤Î¥u¤@©Î«Ü¤Ö¤H¦bµu´Á®É¶¡¡C ¤@¯ë¡A²³æªº¶µ¥Ø±N¦³¤Ö¶q¥ô°È¨Ì¿à©ó¨ä¥L¥ô°È©M¬O¬Û¹ï¦a²³æ©M®e©ö¨ó½Õ¡C

¨Ò¤l¤]³\¨ó½Õ¸ê·½¥æ¥I¬°¨®¶¡·|ij, ¹ê¬I¤@­Ó¤pÀç¾P­p¹º©ÎªÌ´£¨Ñ²³æªº³nÅé´£°ª¡C

3-3¥Ì¯S¹Ïªí(Gantt Charts)

¥Ì¯S¹Ïªí¬O¬°¤ÀªR©M­p¹º½ÆÂø¶µ¥Øªº¦³¥Îªº¤u¨ã¡C

¡P     À°§A­p¹º¥X¥ô°È§¹¦¨

¡P     ¬°§A¹w©w¦ó®Éªº°õ¦æ³o¨Ç¥ô°È

¡P     Åý§Aªº­p¹º°t¸m¸ê·½ªº»Ý­n¡A¥H§¹¦¨³o¶µ¤uµ{

¡P     À°§U±z¨î©w¥XÃöÁä¸ôµ{¬°±z¥²¶·§¹¦¨¥¦¦b¤@­Ó¯S®í¤é´Á¥H«eªº¶µ¥Ø¡C

 ¥Ì¯S¹Ï¨BÆJ¡G

  1.¦C¥X©Ò¦³¬¡°Ê¦b­p¹º     2.¦V¤è®æ¯È¥H¤Ñ©Î¬P´Á¤À       3.°t­pµe¥ô°È¤è®æ¯È

  4.´£¥X¤ÀªR                           5.¤éµ{ªí¬¡°Ê

3-4ÃöÁä³~®|¤ÀªR& ­p¹ºµû¼f§Þ³N¹Ï(Critical Path Analysis & PERT Charts)

ÃöÁä¸ô®|¤ÀªR»P­p¹ºµû¼f§Þ³N¬O±j¤jªº¤u¨ã¡AÀ°§A½Õ«×©MºÞ²z½ÆÂøªº¤uµ{¶µ¥Ø¡C¥L­Ì³Q¶}µo¦b50¦~¥N±±¨î¤j°ê¨¾¶µ¥Ø¡A©M±q¨º¥H«á©w´Á¦a³Q¨Ï¥Î¤F¡C

¥H¥Ì¯S¹Ï¡AÃöÁä³~®|¤ÀªR(CPA)À°§U±z­p¹º¥²¶·³Q§¹¦¨§@¬°¶µ¥Ø¤@³¡¤Àªº©Ò¦³¥ô°È¡CT¥L­Ìªº¦æ¬°¬°°ò¦¡AµL½×¬O½s¨î¤@­Ó®É¶¡ªí¡A¥H¤Î¸ê·½³W¹º¡C¦b¤@­Ó¶µ¥ØªººÞ²z®É¡A¥L­ÌÅý§AºÊ±±¹ê²{¶µ¥Ø¥Ø¼Ð¡C

3-5 ­p¹º¶g´Á(The Planning Cycle)

 ­p¹º¶g´Á±a¨Ó¦U¤è­±ªº³W¹º¤u§@¯Ç¤J¤@­Ó²Î¤@ªº¹Lµ{¡C

 ¥Ñ­p¹º¦b³o­Óµ²ºc¤§¤º¡A§A±N¦³§U©ó½T«O§Aªº­p¹º¬O¥R¤À¦Ò¼{¡A­«ÂI©ú½T¡A¦³¼u©Ê¡A¹ê»Ú¥i¦æ¤Î²Å¦X¦¨¥»®Ä¯qªº­ì«h¡C§A¤]±N½T«O±z¦b¾Ç²ß¥ô¦ó¥¢»~¡A©M§ë¤J¨ì¥¼¨Ó­p¹º©M¬Fµ¦¨î©w¡C

3-6­p¹ºªº¤j¶µ¥Ø©M¸`¥Ø(Planning Large Projects and Programs)

§Þ³N¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î³Q¸ÑÄÀ¦bÃö©óÀY¸£¤u¨ãªº³o­Ó³¡¤À¤ä«ù¤@ºØ­«¹ê®Ä, ¨Ó³W¹º©MºÞ²z¤p«¬©M¤¤«¬¶µ¥Ø¡C 

¤@­Óĵ§i¡G³oºØ°µªk¥u·|³W¼Ò¹F¨ì¤@©wµ{«×-¤j«¬¶µ¥Ø±N¹F¨ìªº½ÆÂø©Ê¦Ó°È¹êªººÞ²z²£¥Í¤F¬YºØµ{«×ªº§C®Ä²v©M®ö¶O¡A¥i¥H¶}©l«Â¯Ù¨ì³o¤@¶µ¥Ø¡C

 ¹ï¸û¤jªº¤uµ{¶µ¥Ø¡A¶µ¥ØºÞ²z¦¨¬°¤@­Ó§Þ³N¾Ç¬ì¦b¨ä¦Û¨­ªºÅv§Q¡C¸gÀç¶µ¥ØºÉ¥i¯à¦³®Ä²v¡A¶µ¥Ø¸g²z»Ý­n±µ¨ü°ö°V¡C

 

 

 

 

 

 

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