³Ð³y¤O¤u¨ãMIND
TooLs
1.¨Mµ¦¤èªk (Decision Making Techniques)
¦nªº¨Mµ¦¬O¤@Ó«nªº§Þ¥©¯à¦¨¬°¨Æ·~¦¨¥\©M¦³®Äªº»â¾É¡C¦pªG§A¯à¾Ç·|¤Î®É§@¥X¨Ã¦Ò¼{©P¥þªº¨M©w¡A«h±z©¹©¹¥i¥H±a»â§Aªº
¹Î¶¤·í¤§µL·\¦a¨ú±o¦¨¥\¡C¤£¹L¡A¦]¬°»â¾ÉªÌ°µ¥X²Ê¦Hªº¨M©w¡A±zªº¹Î¶¤¥²©Ó¨ü¥¢±Ñªº·ÀI©M®É¶¡¡C
§Þ³N¦b³o³¡¤ÀÀ°§U±z¨Ï³Ì¨Îªº¨M©w¡CÀ°§U±zp¹º¨M©wªº«áªG, ¨î©w¥XÓ§O¦]¯Àªº«n©Ê©M¿ï¾Ü³Ì¨Îªºp¹º±Ä¨ú
¶}©lÀ°§U±z°µ¥X¨M©w³\¦h¦]¯Àn¨D¡Aª`·Nªº¤@¨Ç²³æªº§Þ¥©¡CµM«á´N¨ì¤@¨Ç§ó¬°±j¤jªº§Þ³N¡A¦p§Q¥Î¨Mµ¦¾ð¡A
¤»Ó«äºûªº´U¤l©M¦¨¥»/®Ä¯q¤ÀªR¡A¨ä¤¤±`¥Îªº°Ó·~¨Mµ¦¡C
1-1 Pareto ¤ÀªR(Powerful Approach)
Pareto ¤ÀªR¬O¤@Ó«D±`²³æªº§Þ¥©¡AÀ°§U§A¿ï¾Ü³Ì¦³®ÄªºÂàÅÜ¡C
¥¦§Q¥Î§¹¦¨20%
¤u§@¡A¦Ó²£¥Í8 0¢HªºÀu¶ÕªºPareto ì«h-·Qªk¡CPareto ¤ÀªR¬O¤@Óªº§Þ¥©³N´M¨D§ïÅÜ¡A±Nµ¹¤©³Ì¤jªº§Q¯q¡C
1-2¦¨¹ï¤ñ¸û¤ÀªR(Paired Comparison)
¦¨¹ï¤ñ¸û¤ÀªRÀ°§U±z¨î©w¥X¦h¶µ¿ï¾Üªº«n©Ê¡C¡A¹ï¨S¦³«ÈÆ[¸ê®Æ³o¤@ÂI¬O¯S§O¦³¥Îªº¤èªk¡C
³o¨Ï¥¦®e©ö¿ï¾Ü³Ì«nªº°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨M, ©Î¿ï¾Ü±Nµ¹±z³Ì¥¨¤jªº¦n³Bªº¸Ñµª¡C¦¨¹ï¤ñ¸û¤ÀÀ°§U±z³]¸mÀu¥ýÅv¡C
1-3ºô®æ¤ÀªR(Grid
Analysis)
ºô®æ¤ÀªR¡]¤]ºÙ¬°¨Mµ¦¯x°}¤ÀªR¡A´¶®æ¯x°}¤ÀªR©Î¦h«¥D±i¦hÄݩʮĥβz½×¡^¬O¤@Ó¦³¥Îªº§Þ¥©¡C¯x°}ªº¨M©w¬O³Ì¦³®Äªº¡A
§A¦³¤@¨Ç¦nªº¿ìªk©M«Ü¦h¦]¯À¨Ó¦Ò¼{¡C
1-4¨Mµ¦¾ð¤ÀªR(Decision
Tree)
¨Mµ¦¾ð¬O«Ü¦nªº¤u¨ã¡AÀ°§U±z¿ï¾Üp¹º¡C´£¨Ñ¤@Ó°ª®Äªº¬[ºc¡A§A¥i¥H¦C¥X¤è®×¡A¨Ã±´°Q¥i¯àªºµ²ªG¡C¨Ã¥BÀ°§U±z§Î¦¨·ÀI
©M¼úÀyªº¤@±i¥¿Åªº¹Ï¤ù»P¬ÛÃö¦UÓ¥i¯à¡C
1-5 PMI (Plus/Minus/Interesting)
PMI¥Nªí¡¨ Plus/Minus/Interesting ¡§¡C³o¬O§ïµ½¹ï·r°u§Q¹úªº§Þ³N³Q¨Ï¥Î´XÓ¥@¬ö¡C
PMI ¬O¤@Ó«n¬Fµ¦¨î©w¤u¨ã¡G«äºû¤u¨ã¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î³Q¨Ï¥Î¦b³oÓ³¡¤À¶°¤¤©ó¿ï¾Üp¹º¡A±q¦UºØ¦U¼Ëªº¿ï¾Ü¡C¦b±z´£¥Xª½±µ
±Ä¨úp¹ºªº¦æ°Ê¤§«e¡A¬O«Ü«nªºÀˬd¡A´N¬On§ïµ½³oºØ±¡ªp¡C
1-6 ¤O³õ¤ÀªR(Force Field Analysis)
¤O³õ¤ÀªR¬O¬Ý©Ò¦³¤O¶qªº¦³¥Î§Þ³N©M¤Ï¹ï¨M©w¡C In effect, it is a
specialized method of weighing pros and cons.¹ê»Ú¤W¡A³o¬O·r°u§Q¹ú¤@Ó±M·~¤èªk¡CBy
carrying out the analysis you can plan to strengthen the forces supporting a
decision, and reduce the impact of opposition to it.¥Ñ°õ¦æ¤ÀªR±z¯àp¹º¥[±j¤O¶q¤ä«ù¨M©w
¡A¨Ã´î»´¼vÅT¡C
1-7 ¤»Ó«äºûªº´U¤l(Six Thinking Hats)
¤»Ó«ä¦Òªº´U¤lªº¬O¤@Ó±j¤jªº§Þ¥©¡A¥i¥HÀ°§U§A±q³\¦h¤£¦PªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¬Ý«n¨Mµ¦¡CÀ°§U±z°µ¥X§ó¦nªº¨Mµ¦¡A¨Ã¨Ï±z¦b¤é±`«äºû
¤è¦¡¤§¥~¡C
1-8¦¨¥»/®Ä¯q¤ÀªR(Cost/Benefit Analysis)
Cost
Benefit Analysis or cba is a relatively* simple and widely used technique for
deciding whether to make a change.¦¨¥»®Ä¯q¤ÀªR©Î¦¨¥»®Ä¯q¬O¤@Ӭ۹ﲳæ©M¼sªx±Ä¥Îªº§Þ³N¡A¨M©w¬O§_§@¥X§ïÅÜ¡C As its name suggests, you simply add up the value of the benefits of
a course of action, and subtract the costs associated with it.ÅU¦W«ä¸q¡A§A¥u»Ýn²³æ¬Û¥[¦³§Q»ùÈ¡A
¨Ã¦©°£¬ÛÃö¶O¥Î¡C
2.°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨M (Problem Solving)
³q¹L¨Ï¥Î³o¨Ç§Þ³N±z¯à¶}©lÀ³¥I¥¨¤jªº°ÝÃD¡C¨ä¥L¤H·|·PıµL¯à¬°¤O¡A³o¨Ç¤u¨ã¦b°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨Mµ¹±z¤@Ó¥XµoÂI¡C
³o¨Ç§Þ³N¾¨¥i¯àÀ°§U±z¶i¦æ±¹ï°ÝÃDªºÄYÂÔ¤ÀªR, ¥Î¤@Óºc³y©M¦³±ø¤£¯¿ªº¤è¦¡À°§U±z¬Ý³\¦hÓ¦]¯À¡C¥H¤U¤è¦¡¡G
3.¿ë»{¥i¯àªº°_¦] 4.¤ÀªR±zªº¹Ï
2-2¬yµ{¹Ï(Flow Charts)
¬yµ{¹Ï¬O®e©ö²z¸Ñªº¹Ï¥Ü¡C«D±`¦³¥Îªº¤u¨ã¡A¦p¦ó¶Ç¹F¹Lµ{¤¤ªº¤u§@¡A¨Ã©ú½T°O¸ü¦p¦ó¬Y¶µ¤u§@°µ±o«ç»ò¼Ë¡C¦Ó¥B¡A¦bµ{§Ç¬yµ{¹Ïªº§Î¦¡À°§U§A§ï¶iªº¹Lµ{ ¡C¥i¥H¥Î©ó¡G
¨t²Î¹Ï¬O±j¤jªº¤u¨ã¡AÀ°§U±z¤F¸Ñ¦p¦ó½ÆÂøªº¨t²Î¤u§@¡C¨t²Îªº¤ÀªR¡A¥i¯à¨Ó¦Û¥ø·~¡A³q¹L¥Í¥Íª«¤H¤f¼Ò«¬¡A¥H¼vÅTªÀ·|¬Fµ¦µ¥¡C
¨t²Î¹Ï¬O¯S§O¦³À°§U¡AÅã¥Ü§A¬O¦p¦ó§ïÅܪº¤@Ó¦]¯À¥i¯à·|¼vÅT¨ä¥L¦a¤è¡C¨ÓÅܰʪø´Á½ÄÀ»ªºÀu¨q¤u¨ã¡A¬O¤@ÓÂàÅÜ¡C«nªº¬O¡A¤@Ó¨}¦nªº¨t²Î¹Ï±NÅã¥Ü¦p¦óÅã¥Ü§ïÅܦ]¯À¤]³\¤ÏõX¼vÅT¥»¨¡I
ø»s¨t²Î¹Ï¬O¤@ӫܦnªº¤è¦¡¡A¶}©l«Ø¥ß¤@Ópºâ¾÷¼Ò«¬¡C¸Ó§Þ³N¥i¥HÀ°§U§Aø»s¥Xªºµ²ºc¡C¥¦Åã¥Ü¬O«nªº¦]¯À©MÃö«Y¡A¨Ã¥i¥HÀ°§U§A¶}©l¶q¤Æ¤§¶¡ªºÁpô¦]¯À¡C
2-4 SWOT¤ÀªR(SWOT Analysis)
SWOT¤ÀªR¬O¤@Ó¦³¤Oªº§Þ³N¤F¸Ñ§AªºÀu¯ÊÂI¡A¨Ã±¹ï°ÝÃDªº¾÷·|©M«Â¯Ù¡C
¥Î¦b°Ó·~¤è±¡A¥¦¥i¥HÀ°§U§AµZ¿i¤@Ó¾A·í¦ì¸m¦b§Aªº¥«³õ¡C¥Î¦bÓ¤H¤è±¡A¥¦¥i¥HÀ°§U§Aµo®i§AªºÂ¾·~¥Í²Pªº³W¹º¡A±zªº¤Ñ¤À¡B¯à¤O©M¾÷·|¦b³Ì¨Îª¬ºA¡C
2-5·ÀI¤ÀªR¤Î·ÀIºÞ²z(Risk Analysis & Risk Management)
´X¥G¬O§Ú̩Ұµªº¤@¤Á¡A¦b¤µ¤Ñªº°Ó·~¥@¬É¡A¯A¤Î¬YºØªº·ÀI¡GÅU«È²ßºDªº§ïÅÜ¡A·sªºÄvª§ªÌ¥X²{¡A¥~¬Éªº¦]¯À§Aªº±±¨î¥i¯à·|©µ¿ð±zªº¶µ¥Ø¡C¦ý¥¿¦¡ªº·ÀI¤ÀªR©M·ÀIºÞ²z¡A¥i¥HÀ°§U§A¨Óµû¦ô³o¨Ç·ÀI¡A¨Ã¨M©w±Ä¨ú¦óºØ¦æ°Ê¥HºÉ¶q´î¤Ö¤zÂZ§Aªºp¹º¡C¥LÌÁÙ±NÀ°§U§A¨M©w¬O§_µ¦²¤¡A§A¥i¥H§Q¥Î±±¨î·ÀI¡A¬O²Å¦X¦¨¥»®Ä¯q¡C
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3.·ÀI³B²z 4.Àˬd
2-6»ùÈÃì¤ÀªR(Value
Chain Analysis)
»ùÈÃì¤ÀªR©Î»ùȬy¬O¤@Ó¦³¥Îªº¤u¨ã¡A¬°¤u§@«ç¼Ë¤~¯à³Ð³y³Ì¤j¥i¯àªº»ùÈ¡A¬°§Aªº«È¤á¡A¥H¤Î±zªº³Ì¨Îªº¸ô½u¨ì§Q¼í³Ì¤j¡C
¦b¨Æ°È¡A§Ú̳Q¤ä¥I±Ä¨ú¥¼¥[¤uªº¿é¤J¡A©M ¡u¼W¥[»ùÈ¡v¨ì¥LÌ©ÒÂà¤Æ¦¨ªºªF¦è¡C ³o¬O®e©ö¦b»s³y·~¡A¨º¸Ì»s³y°Ó¡u³q¹L±Ä¨ú¼W¥[»ùÈ¡v¡A¤Ö³\ì®Æ¹ï²×ºÝ¥Î¤á¡]¦p¤ì¼ß¡^©MÂà´«¦¨¤@¨Ç¤HÄ@·N¥X¿ú(¦p¯È)¡C¦ý³oÓ·Qªk¦bªA°È¦æ·~¬O«nªº¡A¤H̨ϥήɶ¡¡Bª¾ÃÑ¡B³]³Æ©M¨t²Î¿é¤J³Ð³yªA°Èªº¹ê»Ú»ùȪº¤H´£¨ÑªA°È-«È¤á¡C
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1.¬¡°Ê¤ÀªR 2.»ùȤÀªR 3.µû¦ô©Mp¹º
3.±M®×ºÞ²z (Project Planning)
¦]¬°±z¶i¨B¦b±zªº¨Æ·~¡A±z±N±¹ï¶V¨Ó¶V§ó¥[½ÆÂø©M§ó¥[§xÃøªº¬D¾Ô¡C³o¨Ç³\¦h¥ô°Èªº§¹¦¨¡B®É¶¡»Pª÷¿ú¦¨¬°¥¨¤jªº¶}¤ä¡C
³oÓ³¡¤À¸ÑÄÀ±z±N»Ýn¦¨¥\¦a¶}¿ì³o¨Ç¶µ¥Øªº¤@¨Ç¨ãÅé§Þ¯à¡AÀ°§U±z¦¨¥\¦a§¹¦¨¥LÌ©M¥H¸ê·½·¥¤pªº°Æ²£«~¡C
3-1·Ç½T¦a¦ôp®É¶¡(Estimating time accurately)
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1.
®É¶¡¦ôp¾r¾p³Ì«á´Á³]¸m¬°¶µ¥Ø¥æ¥I¡A¨Ã¥B©~©ó¤F¹ï±zªº¥i¾a©Êªºµû¦ô
2.
¸g±`½T©w¦³§Q©w»ù¡C
³q±`¤HÌ ®ø¯Ó¤j¶q§C¦ô®É¶¡»Ýn¹ê¬I¶µ¥Ø¡C ¯S§O·í¥L̤£¼ô±x¥ô°È³Q°õ¦æ¡C
²³æªº¶µ¥Ø¯A¤Î¥u¤@©Î«Ü¤Ö¤H¦bµu´Á®É¶¡¡C ¤@¯ë¡A²³æªº¶µ¥Ø±N¦³¤Ö¶q¥ô°È¨Ì¿à©ó¨ä¥L¥ô°È©M¬O¬Û¹ï¦a²³æ©M®e©ö¨ó½Õ¡C
¨Ò¤l¤]³\¨ó½Õ¸ê·½¥æ¥I¬°¨®¶¡·|ij, ¹ê¬I¤@Ó¤pÀç¾Pp¹º©ÎªÌ´£¨Ñ²³æªº³nÅé´£°ª¡C
3-3¥Ì¯S¹Ïªí(Gantt Charts)
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3-4ÃöÁä³~®|¤ÀªR& p¹ºµû¼f§Þ³N¹Ï(Critical Path Analysis & PERT Charts)
ÃöÁä¸ô®|¤ÀªR»Pp¹ºµû¼f§Þ³N¬O±j¤jªº¤u¨ã¡AÀ°§A½Õ«×©MºÞ²z½ÆÂøªº¤uµ{¶µ¥Ø¡C¥L̳Q¶}µo¦b50¦~¥N±±¨î¤j°ê¨¾¶µ¥Ø¡A©M±q¨º¥H«á©w´Á¦a³Q¨Ï¥Î¤F¡C
¥H¥Ì¯S¹Ï¡AÃöÁä³~®|¤ÀªR(CPA)À°§U±zp¹º¥²¶·³Q§¹¦¨§@¬°¶µ¥Ø¤@³¡¤Àªº©Ò¦³¥ô°È¡CT¥L̪º¦æ¬°¬°°ò¦¡AµL½×¬O½s¨î¤@Ӯɶ¡ªí¡A¥H¤Î¸ê·½³W¹º¡C¦b¤@Ó¶µ¥ØªººÞ²z®É¡A¥LÌÅý§AºÊ±±¹ê²{¶µ¥Ø¥Ø¼Ð¡C
3-5p¹º¶g´Á(The Planning Cycle)
p¹º¶g´Á±a¨Ó¦U¤è±ªº³W¹º¤u§@¯Ç¤J¤@ӲΤ@ªº¹Lµ{¡C
¥Ñp¹º¦b³oÓµ²ºc¤§¤º¡A§A±N¦³§U©ó½T«O§Aªºp¹º¬O¥R¤À¦Ò¼{¡A«ÂI©ú½T¡A¦³¼u©Ê¡A¹ê»Ú¥i¦æ¤Î²Å¦X¦¨¥»®Ä¯qªºì«h¡C§A¤]±N½T«O±z¦b¾Ç²ß¥ô¦ó¥¢»~¡A©M§ë¤J¨ì¥¼¨Óp¹º©M¬Fµ¦¨î©w¡C
§Þ³N¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î³Q¸ÑÄÀ¦bÃö©óÀY¸£¤u¨ãªº³oÓ³¡¤À¤ä«ù¤@ºØ«¹ê®Ä, ¨Ó³W¹º©MºÞ²z¤p«¬©M¤¤«¬¶µ¥Ø¡C
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